Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary fatty acid intake / Validación relativa de un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos para evaluar la ingesta dietaria de ácido graso

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women. METHODS: Two lists of foods were created according to percent contribution of each nutrient estimated by three 24-hour recalls: a long and short version FFQ to estimate long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs). Student paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to verify the differences in mean consumption of nutrients from the FFQ and 24-hour recall. The concordance between the consumption values of the two methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman method and quartiles concordance. RESULTS: For the FFQ - long version, correlation values ranged from 0.33 (<0.05) to 0.62 (<0.01) for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were not correlated. Exact concordance ranged from 49.0% (energy) to 22.4% (EPA), and discordance ranged from 14.3% (DPA) to 2.0% (Saturated). The FFQ - short version had high correlations for LCPUFAs. Exact concordance ranged from 36.7% (n-3 LCPUFA) to 16.3% (DHA); and discordance from 12.2% (DPA) to 2.0% (arachidonic acid). Bland-Altman analysis showed good concordance for both versions. CONCLUSION: This nutrient-specific FFQ is a valid instrument to be used to estimate the level of consumption of fatty acids among pregnant women.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para evaluar el consumo de ácidos grasos en gestantes. MÉTODOS: Dos listas de alimentos fueron creadas de acuerdo con la contribución porcentual de cada nutriente estimado por 3 recordatorios de 24 horas: CFC - versión larga y CFC - versión corta para estimar ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPICL). La prueba de t pareada de Student y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se utilizaron para verificar las diferencias entre el consumo medio de nutrientes de del CFC y el recordatorio de 24 horas. La concordancia entre los valores de consumo de los dos métodos se evaluó mediante el método de Bland-Altman y la concordancia de cuartiles. RESULTADOS: En CFC - versión larga, los valores de correlación oscilaron entre 0.33 (<0.05) y 0.62 (<0.01) para ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y ácido linoleico (LA), respectivamente. Ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosapentaenoico (DPA) no presentaron correlación. La concordancia exacta varió de 49,0% (energía) a 22,4% (EPA), y la discordancia varió de 14,3% (DPA) a 2,0% (saturado). CFC: la versión corta mostró los mejores valores de correlaciones para los AGPICL. La concordancia exacta varió de 36,7 (n-3 LCPUFA) a 16,3% (DHA); y discordancia de 12,2% (DPA) a 2,0% (ácido araquidónico). El análisis de Bland-Altman mostró una buena concordancia para ambas versiones. CONCLUSIÓN: Este método CFC específico de nutrientes es un instrumento válido que se utiliza para estimar el nivel de consumo de ácidos grasos en mujeres gestantes.

Neurology at Escola Paulista de Medicina (1933-1995). From Fausto Guerner to José Geraldo Camargo Lima / Neurologia na Escola Paulista de Medicina (1933-1995). De Fausto Guerner a José Geraldo Camargo Lima.

Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) was founded in 1933 and the first Professor of Neurology was Fausto Guerner, who could not effectively assume the teaching activities due to his premature death in 1938. Professor Guerner had had his neurological training at Paris. Professor Longo was his successor. Longo was one of the founders of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria the foremost journal of neurosciences in Latin American. Longo died in 1967 and Professor Paulo Pupo succeeded him. Pupo introduced electroencephalography in Brazil. After his death in 1970, Professor Dante Giorgi succeeded him until 1974. Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima took over the position after Giorgi’s death. He created the Neurological Emergency unit, initiated the Post-Graduation in Neurology and divided the Discipline in specialized units. During the 1980’s and until his retirement in 1995, EPM had become one of most important centers of Brazil training neurologists and researchers in neurological sciences.

A Escola Paulista de Medicina foi fundada em 1933 e o primeiro Professor de Neurologia foi Fausto Guerner, que morreu prematuramente em 1938, antes do início das aulas. O Professor Paulino Longo foi o seu sucessor. Longo, juntamente com outros, fundou os Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria e a Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. Professor Paulo Pupo, seu sucessor, introduziu a eletroencefalografia no Brasil. O Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima tornou-se chefe da Neurologia em 1974. Criou o Pronto-Socorro de Neurologia, iniciou a Pós-Graduação e dividiu a disciplina em setores especializadas. A partir dos anos 1980, a Neurologia da EPM tornou-se um dos centros acadêmicos mais importantes do Brasil.

Fontes de óleo na dieta e sua influência no desempenho e na imunidade de frangos de corte / Sources of oil in the diet and its influence on the performance and the immunity of broilers

A composição de ácidos graxos da dieta pode influenciar o desempenho produtivo e o sistema imune de frangos de corte. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de óleos ricos em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-6 (PUFAs n-6) e ômega-3 (PUFAs n-3) sobre o desempenho e a resposta imunológica de frangos de corte frente a um desafio antigênico. Foram comparadas dietas formuladas com 7% de óleo de soja (OS), linhaça (OL) ou sardinha (OP), fornecidas a 240 frangos da linhagem Cobb, divididos em 24 grupos de 10 aves cada, num arranjo experimental 3x2 (3 tipos de óleo e aves vacinadas ou não vacinadas) e 4 repetições. O óleo de soja é rico em ácido linoleico, um PUFA n-6, o óleo de linhaça é fonte de ácido alfa-linolênico, um PUFA n-3, e o óleo de sardinha, de outros PUFAs n-3, como os ácidos eicosapentaenoico e docosahexaenoico. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram avaliados aos 21, 35 e 42 dias. Aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, metade das aves recebeu vacina contra doença de Newcastle. Quinze dias após a imunização, avaliou-se a produção de anticorpos pelo método de ELISA, expressa pela densidade óptica a 450 nm (D.O. 450nm). Apenas as aves alimentadas com ração contendo OS apresentaram maior imunidade humoral (P<0,05) após a vacinação. A resposta linfoproliferativa das aves, que expressa a imunidade celular, foi maior entre as aves vacinadas, em comparação às aves não vacinadas (P<0,05), independentemente do óleo utilizado. A fonte de óleo da ração ou a vacinação não influenciaram o ganho de peso das aves (P>0,05). Entre as aves que receberam dieta com OS, as aves vacinadas apresentaram pior conversão alimentar (P<0,05)...

The fatty acid composition in the diet can affect the productive performance and the immune system of broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of oils rich in omega-6 (n-6 PUFA) and omega-3 (n-3 PUFA) polyunsaturated fatty acids on the performance and the immune response of broilers submitted to an antigenic challenge. Diets were formulated with either 7% soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or sardine oil (PO) and provided to 240 Cobb broilers which were divided into 24 groups of 10 birds each, following a 3x2 experimental arrangement (3 types of oil and vaccinated or non-vaccinated birds) and four replications. Soybean oil is rich in linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA), linseed oil a source of alfa-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) and the sardine oil is a source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (other n-3 PUFA). Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days. Half of the birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 7 and 21 days. Fifteen days after the immunization, the production of antibodies was evaluated by ELISA and expressed by optical density at 450 nm (O.D. 450 nm). Only the birds fed ration containing SO presented higher humoral immune response (p<0.05) after vaccination. The lymphoproliferative response, which expresses the cellular immunity, was higher in vaccinated than in the unvaccinated birds (P<0.05), regardless of the oil used. Neither the oil source in the ration nor the vaccination influenced birds' weight gain (P>0.05). The vaccination impaired the feed conversion of the birds fed diet containing SO (P<0.05) but did not influence feed conversion of the birds fed rations with LO or PO (P>0.05). The use of oil rich in n-6 PUFA in broilers' diet increased humoral response, but did not influence the cellular response against an antigenic challenge.

Ponderal behavior of rats fed an omegas 3, 6 and 9 enriched diet submitted to colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane

PURPOSE: To assess weight changes in rats fed diets with different ratios of omegas 3, 6 and 9 submitted to colonic carcinogenesis induced by Azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS: Sixty rats with three weeks of life were distributed into five groups of specific diets containing 12 animals each: GI- Standard diet without adminstration of AOM, GII- Standard diet with adminstration of AOM; GIII- Hyperlipidic diet with adminstration of AOM; GIV-Normolipidic diet with adminstration of AOM; GV- Hypolipidic diet with adminstration of AOM. The weight and food intake of each group were assessed four times in each week throughout the experiment until euthanasia at 36th week. RESULTS: GI and GII had no significant difference in weight. GI showed a significant increase when compared to GIII, GIV and GV. GII also showed a significant increase when compared to GIII, GIV and GV. When comparing intake of GI as compared to GII no significant difference was found, however such groups had higher intake than groups III, IV and V. There were found no difference in weight when comparing amoung rats with and without cancer within each groups: GII, GIII, GIV and GV. CONCLUSIONS: Diets rich in omega 3, 6 and 9 reduced food intake and weight. Rats with colorectal cancer had no decrease in weight as compared to those without this condition in the same group.

Effect of a hyperlipidic diet rich in omegas 3, 6 and 9 on aberrant crypt formation in rat colonic mucosa / Efeito de uma dieta hiperlipídica rica em ômegas 3, 6 e 9 na formação de criptas aberrantes em mucosa cólica de ratos

PURPOSE: To determine whether a hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colonic mucosa of Wistar rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). METHODS: At eight weeks of life, the rats were assigned to four groups: Group I―standard diet (STD) not treated with AOM; Group II―hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet (FED), not treated with AOM; Group III―STD, treated with AOM; Group IV―FED, treated with AOM. At 16 weeks, the animals were injected intraperitoneal with 0.9 percent saline solution (Group I and II) or AOM at 15mg/Kg (Groups III and IV) once a week for two weeks. Fifteen weeks later, the animals were euthanized. RESULTS: FED promoted weight gain in Groups II and IV compared to Groups I and III, respectively. The groups did not differ with regard to the total number of ACF. The Chi-square test revealed no predominance of the presence of foci with <4 crypts. However, foci with ≥5 crypts were proportionally more prevalent in Group III than in Group IV (p=0.043). CONCLUSION: The administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not interfere with the formation of aberrant crypt foci, but reduced ACF multiplicity, exercising an attenuating effect on carcinogenesis.

OBJETIVO: Determinar se uma dieta hipercalórica, hiperlipídica, rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (FED) tem influência na formação de focos de cripta aberrante (FCA) em mucosa cólica de ratos Wistar expostos ao azoximetano (AOM). MÉTODOS: Com oito semanas de vida, os ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo I: Dieta padrão (SD) sem AOM; Grupo II: FED, sem AOM; Grupo III: SD, com AOM; Grupo IV: FED com AOM. Com 16 semanas, os animais dos grupos I e II receberam injeções intraperitoneais de solução salina 0,9 por cento, enquanto os dos grupos III e IV receberam AOM na dose de 15mg/Kg de peso, 1 vez por semana por duas semanas. Quinze semanas após, os animais foram mortos. RESULTADOS: FED promoveu aumento de peso nos grupos II e IV em relação aos grupos I e III. Não houve aumento significante no número total de FCA entre os grupos. Em relação à multiplicidade das criptas por FCA, o teste do qui-quadrado mostrou que não houve predominância da presença <4 criptas por foco. Contudo, focos ≥5 criptas foram proporcionalmente mais prevalentes no grupo III que no grupo IV (p=0,043). CONCLUSÃO: Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados não interferem na formação de focos de cripta aberrante, contudo reduz sua multiplicidade, exercendo efeito atenuador na carcinogênese.

Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho / The effect of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglet diets over the structure and ultra-structure of small intestine and over performance

Foram estudados os efeitos da glutamina, dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e da parede celular de levedura (PCL) sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e o desempenho de leitões. Foram utilizados 45 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - dieta basal; T2 - dieta basal + 1 por cento de glutamina; T3 - dieta basal + 0,2 por cento de PCL; T4 - dieta basal + 5 por cento de óleo de peixe. Nos dias sete e 14 pós-desmame, foram abatidos cinco leitões de cada tratamento. Os aditivos testados não alteraram a altura e a densidade dos vilos nem a profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado. Foi observado efeito de idade, mostrando redução na altura e na densidade dos vilos e na profundidade das criptas após o desmame. No duodeno e jejuno, foram observados maiores valores de relação vilo:cripta, que aumentaram com a idade pós-desmame. Ocorreram redução da altura dos microvilos do duodeno aos sete dias e aumento da largura dos microvilos do jejuno aos 14 dias pós-desmame. A área de superfície apical dos enterócitos não foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. Os aditivos estudados não foram eficientes em prevenir a atrofia da mucosa intestinal do jejuno, ao não interferir na sua ultraestrutura. Os aditivos incluídos na dieta não influenciaram o desempenho dos leitões no pós-desmame.

The effects of glutamine, poliunsatured fatty acids and cellular wall of yeast (CWY) under the structure and ultra structure of the small gut and the performance of the piglets were studied. Forty five piglets weaned at 21 days were used to test the following treatments: T1 - basal diet; T2 - basal diet + 1 percent of glutamine; T3 - basal diet + 0,2 percent of CWY; T4 - basal diet + 5 percent of fish oil. At seven and 14 post weaning days, five piglets of each treatment were slaughtered. The height, density of villus and depth of small gut crypts were not altered by the inclusion of additives. The effect of age was observed, showing a reduction in the height and density of villus and depth of crypts after weaning. In duodenum and jejunum higher values were observed in the relation villus:crypt, which increased with the post wean age. There was a decrease in the height of microvillus of the duodenum at 7 days and an increase of the width of the microvillus of jejunum at 14 days after wean. The area of the apical surface of the enterocytes was not altered by the studied factors. The studied additives were not efficient to prevent the atrophy of the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum, since they did not interfere on its ultra structure. Piglet performance was not affected by the additives included in the diet.

Hepatic and biochemical repercussions of a polyunsaturated fat-rich hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet in Wistar rats / Repercussões hepáticas e bioquímicas da dieta hipercalórica e hiperlipídica rica em gordura poliinsaturada em ratos Wistar

CONTEXT: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by lipid deposits in the hepatocytes and has been associated with obesity, dyslipidemia and type-2 diabetes. It is considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, of which the main component is insulin resistance leading to hyperinsulinemia and increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Saturated fat promotes hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia, reduces levels of high-density cholesterol and increases levels of low-density cholesterol, while polyunsaturated fat is associated with hypolipidemic, antiinflammatory and imunoregulating action. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hepatic and biochemical repercussions of a polyunsaturated fat-rich diet in Wistar rats. METHODS: Twenty-two rats were distributed equally in two groups: GI - standard diet (Biobase Bio-tec Ratos e Camundongos®) providing 3.000 kcal/kg and GII - hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet providing 4.250 kcal/kg (ω-6:ω-3 = 3:1). The animals were euthanized after 23 weeks of experiment. The weight, biochemical parameters and hepatohistological changes were registered. RESULTS: Findings were submitted to variance analysis with the level of statistical significance at 5 percent. The average weight did not differ significantly between the groups at baseline (P = 0.711), but was greater in Group II by the end of the experiment (P = 0.000). The levels of triglycerides (P = 0.039), total cholesterol (P = 0.015) and HDL (P = 0.005) were higher in Group I than in Group II. Macrovesicular steatosis was significantly more common in Group II than in Group I (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Hypercaloric and hyperlipidic diet rich in polyunsaturated fat promotes weight gain and favors the development of hepatic steatosis while reducing serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL.

CONTEXTO: A doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica caracteriza-se por depósito de lipídios nos hepatócitos. Desperta grande interesse por sua associação com obesidade, dislipidemias e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. É considerada a manifestação hepática da síndrome metabólica, cujo principal componente é a resistência à insulina, com consequente hiperinsulinemia e produção aumentada de citocinas inflamatórias. Dietas ricas em gorduras saturadas promovem hipertrigliceridemia, diminuição do colesterol de alta densidade, aumento do colesterol de baixa densidade e hiperinsulinemia, enquanto dietas ricas em gordura poliinsaturada podem apresentar efeitos hipolipidêmicos, antiinflamatórios e imunorreguladores. OBJETIVO: Investigar as repercussões hepáticas e bioquímicas da dieta rica em gordura poliinsaturada em ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Os animais (22) foram distribuidos nos grupos GI-dieta padrao (Biobase Bio-tec Ratos e Camundongos®) com 3000 kcal/kg e GII-dieta hipercalorica e hiperlipidica, com 4250 kcal/kg, relação ω-6: ω-3 = 3:1. Foram mortos apos 23 semanas de administração das dietas. Avaliaram-se peso, exames bioquimicos e alteracoes histológicas do fígado. RESULTADOS: Foram utilizados testes de análise de variância com nível de significância de 5 por cento (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significante na média de peso entre os grupos (P = 0,711) no início, entretanto GII apresentou maior média que GI ao final do experimento (P = 0,000). GI mostrou níveis significantemente mais elevados de triglicerídeos (P = 0,03), colesterol total (P = 0,039) e HDL (P = 0,015) do que GII. O GII apresentou maior média de esteatose macrovesicular do que GI (P = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: A dieta hipercalórica e hiperlipídica, rica em gordura poliinsaturada, promove esteatose hepática e incremento de peso, contudo reduz os níveis séricos de triglicerídeos, colesterol total e HDL.

Efecto del consumo de aceite crudo de palma o maíz sobre la oxidación in vitro de la HDL plasmática de conejos / Effect of the consumption of raw oil of palm or corn on the oxidation in vitro of the plasmatic HDL of rabbits

Se investigó la susceptibilidad a la oxidación in vitro de las HDLs de conejos por acción del Cu2+. Los conejos fueron alimentados durante 3 meses con un suplemento de 10 de aceite crudo de palma o de maíz. Las HDLs aisladas por ultracentrifugación y dializadas se oxidaron con 10 µM de Cu2+, la generación de dienos conjugados se midió mediante análisis espectroscópico a 234 nm. La fase de retardo del grupo alimentado con aceite crudo de palma fue de 145 min con respecto a 94 min del grupo que recibió aceite de maíz (p< 0.05 por ciento). Se concluye que la ingesta de aceite de palma rico en carotenos y tocoferoles incrementó la protección contra las oxidaciones in vitro, de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la HDL.

Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology

Diets rich in saturated fatty acids are one of the most important causes of atherosclerosis in men, and have been replaced with diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) for the prevention of this disorder. However, the effect of UFA on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology has not been completely characterized. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of a UFA-rich diet on cardiac muscle function, oxidative stress, and morphology. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats were fed a control (N = 8) or a UFA-rich diet (N = 8) for 60 days. Myocardial performance was studied in isolated papillary muscle by isometric and isotonic contractions under basal conditions after calcium chloride (5.2 mM) and ß-adrenergic stimulation with 1.0 æM isoproterenol. Fragments of the left ventricle free wall were used to study oxidative stress and were analyzed by light microscopy, and the myocardial ultrastructure was examined in left ventricle papillary muscle. After 60 days the UFA-rich diet did not change myocardial function. However, it caused high lipid hydroperoxide (176 ± 5 vs 158 ± 5, P < 0.0005) and low catalase (7 ± 1 vs 9 ± 1, P < 0.005) and superoxide-dismutase (18 ± 2 vs 27 ± 5, P < 0.005) levels, and discrete morphological changes in UFA-rich diet hearts such as lipid deposits and mitochondrial membrane alterations compared to control rats. These data show that a UFA-rich diet caused myocardial oxidative stress and mild structural alterations, but did not change mechanical function.

Influence of dietary fats on weight gain in albino rats.

Carbon-chain length and degree of saturation of dietary fat may influence weight gain. To examine this hypothesis we randomly allotted 100 male, 30-day old, albino rats to each of four groups. Each group was fed, ad libitum, a diet containing, as the only source of fat, either lard (L) or safflower oil (SO) (representing saturated and polyunsaturated fat respectively) or groundnut oil (GO) or coconut oil (CO) (representing long-chain and medium-chain triglycerides respectively). At the end of 90 days it was found that rats fed SO consumed more food than those fed L enriched diet (P < 0.001) but the weight gain was similar in the two groups. Similarly rats fed GO-containing diet ate more than those fed diet containing CO (P < 0.001), yet weight gain was similar. Thus it appears that carbon-chain length and degree of saturation of dietary fat does not influence weight gain in rats fed an ad libitum diet.

Comparison of serum concentration and dietary intake of alpha-tocopherol in a sample of urban and rural Costa Rican adolescents

Results from several studies have suggested that vitamin E intake could inhibit the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate Costa Rican adolescents' serum alpha-tocopherol levels and their correlation with Body Mass Index (BMI) and the dietary intake of vitamin E and saturated and polyunsaturated fat. Ninety-five healthy, non-smoking adolescents and non-vitamin supplement users (aged 13-18) from urban and rural areas in San José, Costa Rica, were included in this study. Serum levels of lipid adjusted alpha-tocopherol were significantly higher in rural adolescents compared with urban youngsters (4.192 mumol/mmol +/- 0.831 and 3.486 mumol/mmol +/- 0.996, respectively). Likewise, reported mean daily 1000 kcal adjusted-vitamin E intake was higher in rural adolescents than in urban youngsters (9.2 +/- 3.7 mg. 16.0 +/- 8.7 mg). An important correlation was observed between intake of energy from saturated fat and adjusted-alpha-tocopherol serum levels (r = 0.430). Contrariwise, they correlated poorly with dietary alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.273), suggesting that serum is not a good biomarket of intake for alpha-tocopherol. Additionally, our results showed a negative relationship between BMI and adjusted-serum vitamin E levels (beta = 0.189; CI 95 per cent -0.153, -0.013). The analysis of vitamin E intake showed that over 25 per cent of adolescents have inadequate intake of the nutrient. This study suggests that nutritionists and pediatricians should encourage alpha-tocopherol intake and monitor the food sources of the nutrient and the adolescents' body weight as part of the strategies aimed at developing a healthy lifestyle.

Effect of vaginally administered fumagillin on immunohistochemical distribution of leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, transforming growth factor beta and vascular endothelial growth factor in implantation stage endometrium of the rhesus monkey.

Intravaginal administration of an anti-angiogenic agent, fumagillin, during blastocyst implantation inhibits pregnancy establishment in a dose-related manner in the rhesus monkey. In the present study, mated female rhesus monkeys were vaginally inserted with tampons containing vehicle (group 1; n = 5) and test agent (fumagillin, 4 mg/animal; group 2; n = 6) on cycle day 20, and endometrial tissue samples were collected on cycle day 24 from all monkeys and processed for histological examination and immunohistochemical localization for LIF, IL-6, TGF-beta and VEGF. Concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin in peripheral circulation were determined. From the serum profiles of the hormones, 2 monkeys in group 1, and 1 monkey in group 2 appeared pregnant. However, endometrial morphology revealed histological evidence of pregnancy in 3 out of 6 fumagillin-treated animals. Histometric analysis of immunohistochemical staining in epithelial, stromal and vascular compartments revealed that per cent areas occupied by immunoprecipitate for the cytokines studies did not change in epithelial and stromal compartments, except that for TGF-beta which was higher (P < 0.05) in epithelial compartment in group 2. No change was observed in immunoprecipitation areas for IL-6 in epithelial, stromal and vascular compartments. On the other hand, changes (P < 0.05) for LIF, TGF-beta and VEGF were evident in the vascular compartment. It is possible that disparate responses observed in glandular, stromal and vascular compartments in implantation stage endometrium following fumagillin treatment actually caused from associated decline in progesterone concentration in peripheral circulation. It is also possible that fumagillin, an angiostatic agent, affects the synthesis and secretion of cytokines primarily in the vascular compartment of implantation stage endometrium, and thereby manifests differential responses in epithelial, stromal and vascular compartments.

Acidos grasos de la dieta y respuesta visual en lactantes desnutridos / Fatty acids supply and visual response in malnourished infants

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGP) derivados de los ácidos grasos esenciales (AGE) tienen importantes roles en la formación y mantenimiento de estructuras de membrana, jugando un papel trascenden en la síntesis de lípidos estructurales y en el desarrollo neural. Se han señalado anormalidades en las funciones neurológicas de lactantes alimentados con fórmulas respecto de lactantes alimentados con leche materna y se conoce el efecto de la desnutrición calórico-proteica sobre la composición en AGP de algunos tejidos. En este trabajo se estudió el efecto de diferentes fórmulas comerciales sobre la composición en ácidos grasos de los fosfolípidos de plasma y critrocitos y sobre la función visual

Effect of dietary (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids on growth and survival of fat snook (Centropomus parallelus, Pisces: Centropomidae) larvae during first feeding

The effect of rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis (S-type), fed three different diets: A (rotifer fed Nannochloropsis oculata), B (rotifer fed N. oculata and baker's yeast, 1:1), and C (rotifer fed N. oculata and baker's yeast, 1:1, and enriched with Selcoâ), was evaluated based on the survival, growth and swim bladder inflation rate of fat snook larvae. Rotifers of treatment A had higher levels (4.58 mg/g dry weight) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than B (1.81 mg/g dry weight), and similar levels (0.04 and 0.06 mg/g dry weight, respectively) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Rotifers of treatment C had the highest levels of EPA (13.2 mg/g dry weight) and DHA (6.08 mg/g dry weight). Fat snook eggs were obtained by spawning induction with human chorionic gonadotropin. Thirty hours after hatching, 30 larvae/liter were stocked in black cylindric-conical tanks (36-liter capacity). After 14 days of culture, there were no significant differences among treatments. Mean standard length was 3.13 mm for treatment A, 3.17 mm for B, and 3.39 mm for C. Mean survival rates were very low (2.7 percent for treatment A, 2.3 percent for B, and 1.8 percent for C). Swim bladder inflation rates were 34.7 percent for treatment A, 27.1 percent for B, and 11.9 percent for C. The lack of differences in growth and survival among treatments showed that the improvement of the dietary value of rotifer may not have been sufficient to solve the problem of larval rearing. Some other factor, probably pertaining to the quality of the larvae, may have negatively influenced survival

Alteraciones ultraestructurales del hepatocito de ratas hipertiroideas alimentadas con uan dieta suplementada con ácidos grasos poli-insaturados de la serie n-3 / Ultrastructural hepatocyte alterations in hypertiroid rats fed with a diet enriched with poly-nonsaturated fatty acids n-3

Tanto el hipertiroidismo experimental como la administración de una dieta rica en aceite de pescado, alteran la ultraestructura mitocondrial del hepatocito. Los cambios observados utiizando microscopía electrónica de transmisión fueron específicos para el tratamiento con la hormona como para la administración de la dieta. Sin embargo, cuando ambos procedimientos se emplearon simultáneamente, las mitocondrias mostraron una estructura similar a aquella de los animales alimentados con el aceite de pescado (ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3). Los peroxisomas muestran alteraciones del nucleoide y se encuentran asociados a mitocondrias, reflejando la interacción que existe entre estas organelas en el proceso de B-oxidación de los ácidos grasos de cadena larga. Los cambios esturcturales observados pueden deberse a modificaicones en la composición de ácidos grasos de las membranas de estas estructuras producidos por ambos tratamientos. Los cambios ultraestructurales pueden explicar variaciones en la función de las estructuras alteradas

Reativaçäo da retocolite ulcerativa com o uso de droga antiinflamatória näo esteróide: relato de caso e revisäo da literatura / Reactivation of ulcerative rectocolitis with drug the use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory: report of a case and review of the literature

É relatado o caso de uma paciente portadora de retocolite ulcerativa idiopática e sacro-ileíte isolada que apresentou reagudizaçao da doença intestinal com o uso de diclofenac. A paciente, alérgica à sulfassalazina, estava em uso de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados omega(3), de óleo de peixe. Sao descritos os prováveis mecanismos envolvidos na reativaçao da doença inflamatória intestinal com uso de drogas antiinflamatórias nao esteróides e sugerido, quando necessário nestes pacientes, o uso dessas drogas, que inibem a lipoxigenase.

Effect of a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet on macrophage and lymphocyte metabolism of diabetic rats

Diabetic subjects present high susceptibility to infections but the mechanisms involved are not fully known. Macrophages and lymphocytes utilize glucose and glutamine at high rates and these metabolites are important for the function of these cells. The present study examines the activities of key metabolic enzymes in macrophages and lymphocytes obtained from alloxan-diabetic Wistar rats (10 weeks old, 7 rats each group). Since the enteral diet was enriched with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the effect of these fatty acids was also investigated in the same animals. Diabetes caused a marked decrease of hexokinase activity (48 per cent ; 274.23 +/- 18.43 vs 143.29 +/- 10.35 units for control vs diabetic rats) in macrophages and of citrate synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities (70 per cent ; 321.76 +/- 9.18 vs 96.25 +/- 5.43 units for citrate synthase and 89.43 +/- 2.33 vs 23.13 +/- 1.09 units for G6PDh for control vs diabetic rats) in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. A PUFA-rich diet given for 6 weeks enhanced hexokinase activities by 30 per cent (274.23 +/- 18.43 vs 342.48 +/- 15.39, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets for normal and 143.29 +/- 10.35 vs 189.67 +/- 9.57 for diabetic rats) and reduced citrate synthase activities by 43 per cent (30.31 +/- 1.73 vs 17.42 +/- 0.95, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets for normal and 29.34 +/- 1.23 vs 16.73 +/- 1.02 for diabetic rats) in macrophages, and reduced (< 50 per cent ; 59.67 +/- 3.45 vs 48.87 +/- 3.37 for hexokinase and 321.76 +/- 2.33 vs 161.66 +/- 9.97 for citrate synthase, balanced vs PUFA-rich diets) the activities of both enzymes in lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)